| Title | : | Sex and Gender Differences in Infection and Treatments for Infectious Diseases |
| Author | : | Sabra L Klein |
| Language | : | en |
| Rating | : | 4.90 out of 5 stars |
| Type | : | PDF, ePub, Kindle |
| Uploaded | : | Apr 06, 2021 |
Download Sex and Gender Differences in Infection and Treatments for Infectious Diseases - Sabra L Klein file in ePub
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Males and females differ in the likely outcome of influenza virus infection and vaccination. Following infection with pandemic and outbreak strains of influenza viruses, females of reproductive ages (15–49 years of age) experience a worse outcome than their male counterparts.
This paper reviews the current evidence with regard to various aspects of hiv infection in women. Special emphasis is placed on gender-differences as well as sex-specific manifestation of this disease, including epidemiology, viral load determination and disease progression, related morbidity, and anti-retroviral therapy.
2 jun 2020 sex differences in immune responses have been reported in infectious diseases, autoimmunity and inflammation.
One of the most frequent differences is that females exhibit more vigorous innate [ 1, 2], cell-mediated [3], and humoral immune responses [4, 5] to antigenic chal-.
In short, more antibody production and a lower chance of immune dysregulation in women, may explain the gender differences of outcome during covid‐19 infection according to the immune system. The second factor related to outcome, is the gender‐specific difference in the respiratory tract properties.
Note that these sex and gender first, biological sex differences exist in the pathogenesis of ischaemic heart disease.
Differences in infectious diseases between women and men are commonly thought to develop from lifestyle choices ranging from food choices, day-to-day activities, type of occupation, choosing to smoke, or even whether you choose to see a medical professional when you get sick.
Gender differences in behavior may contribute to our findings of males being more susceptible to severe covid-19 infection. For instance, in the chinese population, men are reported to have a higher prevalence of smoking compared with women (35).
Sex differences between women and men that play a role in severity and mortality from an acute covid-19 infection in the short term.
8 may 2020 a recent report (23 april 2020) from the italian national institute of health shows that of 23 188 deaths from covid-19 infection in italy,.
In which the risks and effects of tb are determined by sex and gender roles. Tuberculosis (tb) kills more women globally than any other single infectious.
Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, disease progression, and response to treatment. This review discusses the fundamental influences of sex and gender as modifiers of the major causes of death and morbidity.
When disaggregated data are used to assess sex or gender differentials in disease risk or outcome without context, the complete picture behind the observed data.
The distinct differences between males and females in the incidence of infections, the severity of disease, and the likely outcome are a consequence of sex-related differences in immune cell.
The primary cause is thought to be due to differences induced by sex hormones and their effects on gene expression as well as the immune system, but may also be due to innate physiological differences between males and females. This review summarizes gender specific differences seen in infections caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses.
15 sep 2020 however, studies from other viral infections have shown that females can mount stronger immune responses against viruses than males.
14 dec 2016 the main ideas are differences in the immune system, hormones or sex chromosomes affecting risk.
“we don’t know how to measure gender,” says stefanick, director of the stanford women and sex differences in medicine, or wsdm (pronounced “wisdom”), center. “sex is generally assigned at birth, based on external genitalia, after which a broad range of biological, particularly reproductive, sex differences are assumed.
15 jun 2020 janetrix hellen amuguni in her office in february.
15 jul 2014 women and men are different—and this fundamental observation sex differences, gender differences, hiv, infectious diseases, hcv,.
The apparent sex difference was caused by gender-related occupational differences and diseases with complex, often socially rooted causes.
The authors extrapolated to natural infections the gender differences in systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery: does female sex really protect?.
Gender-based differences in the host immune response to coronaviruses the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, has ravaged the world, with over 22 million total cases and over 770,000 deaths worldwide as of august 18, 2020.
The second part of the book shows, for the first time in a single volume, the growing number of infectious diseases for which sex and gender differences are noted, identifies common as well as distinct mechanisms mediating these differences and illustrates how responses to treatments might differ between the sexes.
Buy sex and gender differences in infection and treatments for infectious diseases: read books reviews - amazon.
The purpose of this funding opportunity announcement (foa) is to invite r01 applications on the influence and intersection of sex and gender in health and disease including: (1) research applications that examine sex and gender factors and their intersection in understanding health and disease; and (2) research that addresses one of the five objectives from strategic goal 1 of the new 2019.
Sex and gender differences in infection and treatments for infectious diseases.
Anatomical and hormonal differences between males and females can influence the infectious disease process.
Studies have also shown that antibody production tends to be lower in males than in females for a number of viral infections and vaccines, although data on sex differences in antibody responses to sars-cov-2 are inconsistent.
While sex and gender are, arguably, inextricably linked in healthcare, as in every other area of our lives, in this special feature, we will focus primarily on the infection rates of sars-cov-2.
10 apr 2020 sex, and gender differences, began noticing hints of a sex difference in covid-19 infections back in february as reports began to emerge.
Clinically, male gender is an independent risk factor for the development of nosocomial bloodstream infection, 14 and has been associated with in-hospital mortality in septic surgical patients. 15 on the other hand, female gender is found to be an independent predictor of mortality in patients with enterococcus bloodstream infections.
Surveillance data frequently indicate that young men and women experience high—yet considerably different—reported rates of sexually transmitted infections (stis), including bacterial infections such as chlamydia.
Sex/gender significantly contribute to shape the immune responses, contributing to differences in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in males and females,.
Experts agree that there are sex differences, such as sex chromosomes and sex hormones, that influence how a person’s immunity responds to a pathogen.
Possible explanations include sex differences in the immune system, gender differences in environmental exposures or access to healthcare, and differences in comorbidities. Additional research to assess potential causes, and collect and analyze data by age, race, and ethnicity as well as sex and gender would be of value.
28 may 2020 sex differences appear to play a role, with more men than women dying of acute infection in the short term.
Fingerprint dive into the research topics of 'sex and gender differences in infection and treatments for infectious diseases'.
Sex differences in sars-cov-2 infection rates and the potential link to prostate cancer the study of gender-based and sex-based differences in covid-19 is a priority, since better.
As detailed in the resources below, the sex differences in autoimmune diseases are startling, underscoring the necessity of sex- and gender- based analysis. Most occur in women, and most often during their childbearing years. 5 million individuals worldwide diagnosed with an autoimmune disease are women.
9 nov 2015 differences in infectious diseases between women and men are commonly thought to develop from lifestyle choices ranging from food choices,.
The main drivers of the hiv epidemic are influenced by a wide range of gender inequalities. Early and forced marriage, gender-based violence, unequal access to information, including sexual health knowledge, and a lack of negotiating power and economic autonomy are among the factors that place women and adolescent girls at increased risk of hiv infection as well as circumscribe their responses.
8 nov 2011 the purposes of this article are to evaluate contemporary sex/gender differences in the burden of cvd, to assess the impact of recent clinical.
Much is known about the influences of sex and gender on health and disease; however, much more is unknown. Orwh’s resources and research programs provide important information in this area that help to bridge critical gaps.
Kadel and kovats discuss evidence that sex differences exist in both respiratory homeostasis and viral infections owing to differential regulation by sex hormones in innate immune cells in the lungs.
If the response to disease outbreaks such as covid-19 is to be effective and not reproduce or perpetuate gender and health inequities, it is important that gender norms, roles, and relations that influence women's and men's differential vulnerability to infection, exposure to pathogens, and treatment received, as well as how these may differ.
Methods: 473 (239 female and 234 male) subjects were enrolled at an std clinic regardless of symptoms or infection status.
Request pdf sex and gender differences in infection and treatments for infectious diseases this book provides an overview of the underlying sex- based.
Sex and gender-based differences in responses to infection and sepsis are evident. Estrogens increase immune function, sometimes to the point of inducing.
Based on an in-depth survey of the literature, the purpose of the paper is to explore the impact of sex and gender on incidence and case fatality of covid-19 infection.
Furthermore, underlying differences in gene expression may be associated with different rates of severe covid-19 infection between gender. For instance, an expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) may also have a significant role in the observed gender difference in covid-19 infection outcomes.
Download citation sex and gender differences in hiv-1 infection the major burden of the human immunodeficiency (hiv) type 1 pandemic is nowadays carried by women from sub-saharan africa.
Male and female differences in immunological responses may be influenced by both sex and gender, with sex contributing to physiological and anatomical differences that influence exposure,.
Sex, a biological attribute, and gender, a social construct, may both influence an individual’s susceptibility, vulnerability and exposure to infectious disease. 1 immune function differs between sexes and has been shown to affect an individual’s likelihood of acquiring infection upon exposure, or developing complications.
Sex and gender differences include biological differences between males and females, biological changes during pregnancy, gender norms and behaviours, the male-female division of labour, and gender-related differences in access to and control over resources. Sex and gender differences can disadvantage males or females depending on the pathogen.
Sex differences in medicine include sex-specific diseases or conditions which occur only in sex differences in medicine should not be confused with gender differences. The us national academy of medicine factors, are more common.
Sex differences appear to play a role, with more men than women dying of acute infection in the short term. However, social factors contribute to women being more likely to contract the disease.
That sex differences in disease have evolved just as sex differences in morphology and behavior, and are the result of selection acting differently on males and females. Research has often focused on proximate mechanistic explanations for the sex difference in infection rates, but it is equally.
16 jul 2019 cambridge, ma -- throughout the animal kingdom, males and females frequently exhibit sexual dimorphism: differences in characteristic traits.
The awareness that males and females differ in their response to specific pathogens as well as to treatments for infectious diseases may yield sex-specific personalized treatments. This book will be of interest to basic scientists and clinicians in the fields of microbiology, immunology and pharmacology.
Infection by different pathogens results in differential immune responses and disease outcomes by sex, and although the pattern depends on age and other host factors, male sex is more often.
The differences between gender and sex are apparent not only at the local scale, but also in differences seen between national cultures. What is considered normal gender expression in one place is not necessarily considered normal in another.
What's the difference between gender and sex? sex refers to the physiological, biological characteristics of a person, with a focus on sexual reproductive traits,.
It influences a range of bodily responses that are important in tackling infection or disease. Gender refers to the roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that any given society considers appropriate for men, women, and people with non-binary identities.
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